Evaluation of Biological Literature
A pre-pubertal "Giant Juvenile Fibroadenoma" in a 12-year old: Case report and literature review
Giannos, Aris et al. “A Prepubertal Giant Juvenile Fibroadenoma in a 12-Year-Old Girl: Case Report and Brief Literature Review.” International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 41 (2017): 427–430. PMC. Web. 9 May 2018.
Fibroadenomas is the most common type of benign breast disease lesion prevalent in adolescent women. "Giant juvenile fibroadenomas is greater than 5 cm, more than 500 grams which composed of more than 80% of the breast tissue mass overall. For pre-pubertal women, the chance of acquiring this disease is between 1%-8%. In this case report, it entails a rare case of a 12-year old Caucasian girl diagnosed with giant juvenile fibroadenomas, which approximately measures at 14 cm. Upon her arrival at the emergency unit in July 2016, after her physical examinations, the mass was actually measured at 15*13 cm. In addition, there was an absence of tenderness, but was very firm and mobile. The mass location was in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. The left or contralateral breast appeared to remain normal while undergoing maturation. The procedure was conducted by gynecologist that specializes in breast surgical procedures with 5 years of experience. Under general anesthetics, the breast mass approximately 14*12cm, which also weighed 800 grams. In addition, there was a decreased risk of hematoma development via usage of monopolar electrocautery pressure, which is a pencil-like electrode used for the excision of targeted tissues such as this, or cease coagulate bleeding. The electrosurgical procedure is advantageous and provides less recovery time as well as sophisticated, precision sculpting. As a result, this girl sustained normal breast development over a 9-month period.
Overall, when fibroadenomas develop in adolescent women, it primarily strikes young African-American women ranging between the ages of 10 to 18 years, especially developing the increased risk of giant juvenile fibroadenomas. In young, Caucasian women, the chances of developing this rare breast anomaly is between 1%-2%. Due to the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, fibroadenomas are most likely derived from increased estrogen levels and/or decreased estrogen antagonists, progesterone during the latter stages of puberty.
A Qualitative Study of Motivators and barriers to Healthy Eating in Pregnancy for Low-Income, Overweight, and African-Americans
R Reyes, Naomi & A Klotz, Alicia & Herring, Sharon.
Poor diet results and more susceptible to nutritional deficiencies in low-income, obese, and African-American pregnant mothers. Consequently, the unborn fetus is more inclined to neural tube defects, pre-term births, and small infants for gestational ages. The reduction of dietary consumption of daily fruits and vegetables, the types of foods that these pregnant mothers consume in excess are fried foods, and foods loaded with high sodium content and sugar. These foods contain fried potatoes, whole milk, high fat biscuits, and muffins and fast-food. Poor choices for dietary consumption of the fetus leads to gestational weight gain, risk of diabetes during pregnancy, hypertension, and complications during birth delivery, especially in African-American mothers, which requires specialized attention in terms of understanding the constituent barriers that lead or enthuses to eat poorly during gestational stages.
In 2011, 21 obese, and African-American pregnant mothers were interviewed in Philadelphia. PA. Approximately 33% were high school drop outs, 48% unemployed, and 90% are single mothers. However, at their advantage due to low socioeconomic status, all pregnant mothers in this study were equally eligible for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). As a result, only 52% were enrolled in WIC during the interview. During the course of the interview, 10 themes correlated around the motivators and barriers to healthy eating during pregnancy. To name a few, for theme 1, mothers were highly enthused to commit to healthy food choices during their pregnancy to acquire a healthy baby. In themes 2 and 3, mothers disregard fatty, fried foods that associated with heartburn. However, taste and cost of food were powerful determinants of food choices before and during their pregnancy. For theme 4, these women lack reliable transportation and nearby grocery stores. As a result they use convenient corner stores that contain foods loaded with poor nutritional values for dietary consumption. Theme 8 relates to these pregnant women misunderstanding of the terms "healthy-eating." Theme 9 relates to these women refusing to starve their babies and lastly, theme 10 embarks on families and friends pressuring these "soon-to-be" mothers to eat.
The Risk of Major Birth Defects after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and In Vitro Fertilization
Michèle Hansen, M.P.H., Jennifer J. Kurinczuk, M.D., Carol Bower, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., and Sandra Webb, Ph.D.
In 1992, the resurgence of infants being conceived via in vitro fertilization might acquire the high-fold risk of displaying multiple birth defects, especially during the arrival of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The high-risk development of birth defects is less susceptible in infants that were born naturally. The data analysis was based on three categories in Western Australian births, births under the assistance of conception, and major birth defects ranging from 1993-1997.
The assessment and prevalence of major birth defects were measuring those infants naturally conceived in comparison to those that were conceived intracytoplasmic sperm injection or in vitro fertilization. 26 out of 301 (8.6%) conceived intracytoplasmic sperm injection. 75 out of 837 infants (9.0%) conceived with in vitro fertilization acquired birth defects diagnosed at the age of one. Lastly, 168 out of 4,000 infants (4.2%) were conceived naturally. Overall, infants conceived via IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection are more vulnerable, consequently, to major birth defects as oppose to naturally conceived infants.
IVF Associated with an Increased Risk of Hypospadias
RICHARD I. SILVER,* RONALD RODRIGUEZ, THOMAS S.K. CHANG AND JOHN P. GEARHART
The overall objective or purpose is to determine the increased susceptibility of hypospadias in male infants that were conceived via in vitro fertilization. Hypospadias is the incomplete or abnormal development of the anterior uretha. This is a common genitourinary birth defect that is prevalent in approximately 1/3,000 births ranging from 1988 to 1992. Based on this study, 6,000 males in the U.S. are born with this defect annually. Complications relating to hypospadias induces poor control of the urinary stream, infertility related to misguided ejaculation, during coitus and psychological distress in concern with male body appearances and/or physique. This genitourinary birth defect can lead to major anomalies in the male endocrine system, including hypothalamic-pituitary disorders, gonadal malfunction, 5-alpha-reductase deficiency, and androgen insensitivity. Overall, male infants conceived via IVF acquires and susceptible to the 5-fold increased risk of hypospadias.
Why Do Couples Discontinue In Vitro Fertilization Treatment? (A Cohort Study)
Catharina Olivius, B.Sc.,a Barbro Friden, M.D., Ph.D.,b Gunilla Borg, R.N., B.S.,a and Christina Bergh, M.D., Ph.D.a
In a cohort study involving 974 couples to start the initial IVF cycle between January 1996 and ending in December 1997. Most couples were offered 3 completed IVF cycles free of charge. Out of 947 couples, 524 (55% - 56%) conceived children. However, 450 did not conceive children, and 242 discontinued or ceased IVF treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concurrent reasons that these couples did not sustain the IVF treatment.